Management Information Systems At Singer Information Technology Essay

The board Information Systems At Singer Information Technology Essay Organizations today are progressively powerful and complex as far as their items and activities. In this manner so as to make due in the difficult present day business condition the administration needs data on their association just as the business at the bit of a fingertip. Having suitable data frameworks for the business forms help organizations to have lucidity over all parts of their business, permitting them to act rapidly with expanded understanding, productivity, and adaptability. With data frameworks organizations can lessen costs, streamline execution, and increase the knowledge and deftness expected to close the hole among system and execution. Objective The goals of this investigation includes the assessment of business procedures and data frameworks that help these business forms in the association chose Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC, recognizable proof of zones where data frameworks have not been presented at this point and the recommended proposition to fill in these zones. The investigation portrays in insight regarding the business and data procedure of Singer. 1.3 Methodology For this examination, data was gathered chiefly through an inside and out investigation of the procedures at Singer. Likewise client manuals, articles by different researchers and books were alluded so as to relate the Singer practices to the business gauges. Presentation ABOUT THE COMPANY SINGER (SRI LANKA) PLC Artist Sri Lanka began its activity in 1872 in Sri Lanka and is a Company that has become throughout the years into a benchmark substance in Sri Lanka as far as notoriety, advancement and reach. Artist today is equal with quality, wide reach, and wide item run across different lines and wide intrigue to customers over the whole range of purchasing power. Source: Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC Annual report 2007 With its commencement through the sewing machine, Singers item portfolio has broadened to incorporate a profoundly fruitful multi-brand procedure consolidating results of top world marques with the companys own items over a scope of family unit, mechanical and monetary classifications. Throughout the years Singer structure has reinforce massively to fuse with the methodologies defined to confront the changers in the earth. Vocalist Sri Lanka has just around 10 brands in mid 2000 and principally focused on advertise infiltration by giving reasonable items to the mass market. So as to cut down the evaluating, the organization has moved to vital sourcing of its significant brands through a mediator which buys for the whole south Asian locale which influences economies of scale. Vocalist has moved to separation and multi brand system to go into another period of retailing. In all classes, with various brands situated to engage the distinctive client sections. Figure 2.2 Artist exchange name has changed to SINGER Plus from SINGER on first of January 2007 and the trademark to MORE BRAND MORE CHOICE. It empowers to expand the intrigue to clients and the message of decision accessible in the stores. . Our excursion into multi-marking started in 1996. With Singer as the parent retailing brand, we have gained circulation rights for some driving brands on the planet picked by a cautious specific procedure. Among brands falling inside our oversight are Whirlpool No. 1 Home Maker in the World, TCL biggest producer of Televisions around the world, Hitachi the Japanese chief in Electronics and two legacy brands Sisil and Panasonic. The ongoing arrangement as National Distributor for Samsung, driving hardware brand on the planet and Philips, another worldwide legacy brand, epitomizes our decent variety and we accept will essentially add to our future income winning potential. Source: Chairmans Review Singer (Sri Lanka) Limited Annual Report 2007 Artist has moved to multi channel methodology to take into account the diverse market portions. Vocalist has distinguished and partitioned its client base into various classes dependent on their buying power, level of training, way of life, brand unwaveringness, and so on various channels are there to provide food for these diverse client gatherings, which have appeared in the figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: Multi Channel Strategy Source: Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC Annual report 2007 LEVEL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE AT SINGER (SRI LANKA) PLC Artist (Sri Lanka) has just executed the ERP framework (Powered by IFS) and this is incredibly help from multiple points of view. It gives loads helpful for the association, for example, it makes accessible progressively information, giving instruments to arranging and checking different business forms, encouraging client cooperation, keep up the records of whole client base, quick consideration in client grumblings, and so forth. Vocalist as an exchanging organization consistently used to rehearse present day innovation and attempt to be edge over different rivals in the comparable business. They have numerous Information Technology (IT)/Information Systems (IS) frameworks that give different worth including and bolster usefulness through the business forms. 3.1 ERP System: Through ERP framework Singer handle all the exchanges and data with respect to the assembling, coordinations, dissemination, delivering, invoicing, bookkeeping, HR, shop deals, showcase battles, deal or closeout deals, advancement exercises, and so forth. So by and by Singer region supervisors initially getting the requests from their pertinent shop directors in item insightful and afterward they pass it to the territory chiefs. At that point the territory administrators survey that and giving the data to the business office. At that point with the contribution of item supervisors, deals oversees and deals executive they have further change those figures and discharge the estimate for the following 03 months time frame. This cycle happen each month in persistent premise. ERP framework causes a ton to keep this wheel turning. 3.2 Inventory Management System: Managing stock for in excess of 1000 Stock Keeping Units (SKUs), conveying from 4 stockrooms in discrete area and to satisfy the necessity of in excess of 550 Shops Island wide isn't a simple errand. For that Singer must have refined stock administration framework since over stock outcomes in tied up of cash pointlessly and deficiency in stock is legitimately bringing about loosing the client too. To over come both these issues Singer previously actualized solid Inventory Management System as fundamental application programming of ERP framework. 3.3 Human Resource Information System: This framework has introduced with the Finger Scan System too. Finger Scan Units will be introduced at the necessary passage and leave focuses. The representatives will point their fingers on these machines each time they enter or leave the work site. The machine stores this data in its memory and will move the equivalent on to a PC as and when required. This framework can give summed up yields, for example, Time In/Out reports, Absenteeism, Late Arrival, Attendance Summary, Over Time Report, Leave Report, Individual Employee Report and Integration to finance, and so on. 3.4 Financial Accounting Module: This is one of the key modules at Singer. It has control and observing highlights in receivables and assortments the executives, debate the board, compromise, and evaluating. Day by day money related exchanges can be arranged at some random purpose of time and ready to produce progressively valuable outcomes for the choice administration purposes. A portion of the outcomes can be created from this product are; Profit and Loss account, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement, Variance Reports, Aged Analysis Reports, Non Moving Report, Obsolete Item List, Transfer Pricing report, and so forth. 3.5 Material Master Module: Raw Material stock at distribution centers and stores are overseen through this module. Approved staff (eg: Production Managers) can demand for merchandise (eg: Goods required for guage creation), and vendors can discharge materials after getting important approval. Any deficiencies in materials can be seen from the buying division and they can arrange materials dependent on these demands. This module encourages buying the executives to meet important re-request levels, and distribution center activities likewise have been smoothened. 3.6 Enterprise the board and backing: This is the most significant and busiest module of ERP at Singer. This module handles everyday activity related issues, for example, buy demands, buy orders taking care of, installment preparing, and so on. 3.7 Sales System/Sales Force Automation System: Sales framework at Singer is like key associations in that nature. It would tracks all the deals done by the association at the hour of invoicing the item and continue refreshing the framework. This framework is essential as far as operational proficiency and key worth. IT division ought to guarantee smooth tasks of the business framework so as to keep away from deals duplications. 3.8 Internet Access by means of a Company Lease Line: Singer has given web office to all officials by means of a different SLT line rented by the organization. This causes administrators to refresh with most recent apparatuses and encourage to get required data on schedule. Trade server framework is the controlling server of organization email framework. It gives both customer based and online email answers for inside staff. 3.9 Black Berry Phones for All Directors: Timely choices are fundamental factor for the achievement of any association. Since the chiefs are include with corporate level extension exercises more often than not they are out of the workplace and the huge number of significant sends are heap up in their PCs sitting tight for an endorsement or brisk choices for additional activities. The new CEO has distinguished this hole and chosen to offer Black Berry telephones for all executives to beat this issue. 3.10 Lap Tops For All Managers (Entitle for Replacement Computers): All substitution due PCs has a place with supervisors have supplanted with Lap Tops to empower chiefs to accomplish dire office work even they are a

English 11 A Essays

English 11 An Essays English 11 A Paper English 11 A Paper Exposition Topic: Writing As indicated by William Ellery Channing, national writing incorporates The musings of significant and unique personalities and significant works in theory Use setting pieces of information to characterize the word: Interrogate The investigator will grill the observer and record his answers. Question Local American stories frequently delineate nature as an otherworldly mother Which sort of oral custom is the most well known across Native American clans? The creation story For what reason was education such a prime worry in the Massachusetts Bay state? So individuals could peruse the holy book and shield themselves from transgression How does early american english vary from contemporary english? Early American english is commonly progressively formal Which of the accompanying explanations gives the best summation of life in the Plymouth Plantation? There was conflict and pressure among the pioneers, however they settled their disparities. Puritain scholars did the entirety of the accompanying with the exception of utilize tactile depictions to have perusers experience what they composed In convincing composing its essential to Foresee and address counter contentions, unmistakably express your position, and give realities and guides to back up your position. In Indians Are a People, Not Mascots, Redskin was initially a term for The abundance set on Indians In Indians Are a People, Not Mascots, the legislatures first objective in instructing Indian youngsters was their language In the event that youre perusing a book and it says Professor Smith is bring forth a deceptive plot, you know he is perilous Which of the accompanying articulations about Anne Bradstreet isn't accurate? Anne Bradstreet was rarely hitched Which of the accompanying expressions best characterizes musicality? A sonnets rhythm, pace, or continuous energy However for part installment take this straightforward bug. Use setting intimations to figure out which of the accompanying words is the best equivalent for parasite. A coin of little worth Johnathan Edwards was a evangelist For what reason is Edwards god so irate? Since men are corrupt and evil What methodology does Edwards use to cause the utilizations of his decisions to appear to be exceptionally close to home and pertinent to his crowd? He changes from a third individual POV to a second individual POV What composing show does Jonathan Edwards use to convince his crowd? Symbolism, allegory, exaggeration What development stifled numerous recoveries paving the way to the Great Awakening The Enlightenment Olauduah Equiano composed The main life account by a dark man in america The term the center section alludes to The outing between West Africa and the islands of the Caribbean Which is attempt of the Equianos position on the journey? He was youthful thus not chained Recognize the right denotative and obvious importance of the word evil hateful;negative At the point when Thomas Paine expounds on compromise, he is alluding to The settlements remaining calmly associated with Great Britain Which of the accompanying articulations about Common Sense isn't accurate? Thomas Paine was hanged for conspiracy subsequent to composing Common Sense Thomas Paine trusted American ought to be a refuge, a protected spot, for all individuals In this unique situation, does the refuge have a positive or negative implication positive Thomas Paine composed Common Sense to Settlers in 1776, preceding the marking fo the Declaration of Independence

Influences on TV Idents

Effects on TV Idents Kira Richards TV idents are a significant element of TV slots, they are made toentice, remind and incite a sense offamiliarity for the crowd, this is finished by making the intrigue explicitly to the its intended interest group. Every TV Ident incorporates the logo of the channel and at times may highlight a progression host. In this paper I will examine how advertising, marking, bundling and re bundling, planning and division, affect TV idents and why they are significant while considering the motivations behind idents. Television idents are utilized to promote a station, as of late TV creation has advanced at a quick pace, since the development of link satellite and computerized TV. This has prompted a development of TV stations , with there now being more than 135 channels accessible to watch. The extension of the market coordinate has an enormous significance, as watchers are presently offered a bigger determination of channels to tune into. It is currently much increasingly imperative to ensure that the stylish look and the tone of the channel are right away unmistakable and engaging its intended interest group. So as to ensure the watcher tunes into their channel. On normal it is said that individuals just watch a similar 6 to 7 channels, the telecasters of the station need to be a piece of the best 5 selections of stations, for individuals to browse. This implies it is significant for their ident to enable the watcher to perceive the channel in a split second and recognize what their channel depend on. Their ident is made to summarize the character of the channel and encourages the watcher to settle on a decision with respect to what channel they will pick watch. Channels additionally attempt to keep the watcher inside their image of channels , to guarantee that the watcher is seeing a show inside their system. For instance the BBC will mention to you what program is coming up on some other BBC channel with this they plan to get the watcher to either remain on the current channel or help them to discover a program that they may have an enthusiasm for on the others. Just as keeping the watcher inside the system the channel attempts to prevail upon the crowd to attempt to tempt them to remain on the present channel they may advise watchers regarding programs that are coming up and separate the planning so if the watcher sees that a program that they appreciate is coming up they may simply remain on the channel as opposed to heading off to the next. Bundling is a significant method to speak to the crowds of the channel every channel TV idents have importance to the intended interest group for the channel This can be seen with the BBC channels there a 4 unique channels each obliging distinctive objective crowds BBC 3 which is focused on 16-multi year olds differentiates to a great extent to the BBC 4 whos programs focus on a substantially more develop crowd. Another motivation behind TV idents is advertising purposes. The making of Idents are path for TV channel , to show them at the beginnings and parts of the bargains channel and during advert breaks this procedure can have more than one use right off the bat to help watchers to remember the channel that they are as of now on and to promote the marking character that is spoken to through the ident. This is on the grounds that the marking and character, spoke to through their ident, may interest the watcher, and this will thusly bring about the watcher doubtlessly coming back to the channelto watch different projects since they like the personality of the channel, and will most likelylike the sorts of projects they air as well. During uncommon seasons, occasions TV idents may repackage there TV idents, this is done to fit in with specific subjects. ITV have constantly changed their ident throughout the years, most as of late there idents have been rebranded to turn out to be more state-of-the-art to rival more channels, in the new rebranded idents distinctive film of regular day to day existence circumstance is utilized to attempt to mirror the channels new more extensive crowd. This varies from its past plan which was progressively grown-up orientated. It is critical to plan an ident at certain time with the goal that it is applicable to the hour of day and program that will be appeared, Segmentation is basic for stations so they can help the watcher to remember the station that they are at present watching this assists with fortifying the brands personality to the watcher and speak to what the station depend on. The sort of ident that is shown will rely upon the time and program that will be appeared for instance in the event that I program was to air pre watershed at around 3.30 pm when a youngster completes school they would utilize an ident that would mirror the kind of show this could be for a TV channel, for example, CITV , on the other hand the channel fox utilizes an ident that includes a man pointing a firearm this ident has significance to the show strolling dead which pretense around 9 pm this would be unseemly for youthful watchers because of its grown-up topics. Section 2- The plan of an ident is additionally significant as it is one of the fundamental ways that an organization can get over the reason and the message of the ident to the crowd , it is likewise the primary portrayal of the channels character. The plan of the ident reflects how the crowd will see them and impact whether an individual will watch the channel. In the second piece of the task I will considering the plan of the idents and the impacts that it has on the crowd. Channel fours Tokyo themed ident ,proposes that channel 4 is communicating shows that are worldwide and claim to a wide crowd the ident itself includes brilliant hues and enormous suspending objects that structure into the channel 4 logo when the camera is panning this makes the logo stands and turns out to be in a split second conspicuous. This ident goes on for 42 seconds in length with a delayed to medium rhythm the ident endures long enough for the crowd to see the setting condition which is set in the bustling avenues this is seen during the panning of the camera because of the way that you can seen by the Japanese composition on the boards that in the end structure the logo. The music piece that is utilized is moderate and quiet to coordinate the general mind-set the ident. The intended interest group for this ident is grown-ups this can be told by the booking of the idents is around 9 pm The ident is a diversion as the ident appears to be engaging and diverting it is inventive contrasted with the before idents. This ident is additionally data driven as it illuminates the watcher regarding the programming that will air straightaway. The general reason for this ident is to promote direct 4 out of a way that is both blade and imaginative with the goal that it build up and mirror the channels personality. The reference to the channel 4 logo gives this channel its character like most idents do and continually help the crowd to remember what channel they are viewing to at the same time promote their channel. BBC 3 This ident has been made by BBC three, the plan of the ident has an in vogue and techno subject that interests to a more youthful crowd and fits the intended interest group for the channel. The intended interest group for the channel is 16-multi year old .The ident is exceptionally quick paced like the CBBC ident as this substantially more engaging a more youthful crowd this is on the grounds that the channel pretense programs that are all the more engaging relatable to that age gathering additionally to the past ident this ident is diversion driven the ident as it expected to propose a feeling of revelation it connects to the satire, amusement and true programming that pretense consistently on the channel. This ident was made for the CBBC, and is advertise for the crowd of the channel of the ages 7-12 years of age. The ident requests to offspring of that ages because of the splendid hues that are utilized , CBBCs fundamental shading is green this could represent the security and harmony that the channel speaks to which is a proper tone for a childrens channel ident. what's more, the quick pace of the ident. In this ident Santa is seen conveying presents he stumbles over and the entirety of the presents drop out of his hand , we at that point see Rudolph with â€Å"children’s† in lights over his prongs and the words BBC in his mouth this is because of the way that BBC represents the childrens BBC†. This would draw in the intended interest group since its adolescent and fun which fits in with general programming of the channel. This ident illuminates the intended interest group that it is Christmas time and uses the subject of Santa present it.. The screen beat is uti lized well as the planning the activity moves obliges the mood melodies works out in a good way and there is additionally additional sound like lights humming .This ident is amusement driven as it highlights various characters and substance that offspring of that age appreciate. Channel 4 unique ident The main TV idents for direct 4 was discharged in the 1980’s. It had a straightforward reason, which is to build up channel 4s corporate personality and to help mirror this on their programming. because of the innovation accessible in the 80 the ident is exceptionally essential and isnt extremely specialized. By and large the general motivation behind this ident is to publicize direct 4 of every a straightforward way with the goal that it can help mirror the channels personality. The music behind the ident is channel 4 mark topic Four Score the ident is straightforward contrasted with the Tokyo themed ident which is substantially more imaginative ,during the ident shapes meet up to make the four shape this is done similarly as the Tokyo ident demonstrating that channel 4 has kept a reliable subject consistently. This ident is data driven because of the way that it is exceptionally straightforward and essential , it is basically used to educate the watcher what is coming up.

Unilever Business Manual

Likewise the association has set goals that should be accomplished. Objectives of Milliner (named â€Å"The compass Milliner system for maintainable growth†): ; This unmistakably plots their vision for the future where their brands and administrations will be utilized everywhere throughout the world consequently multiplying the size of Milliner ; Decreasing harm caused to the earth and affecting society emphatically. Another part of this additionally remembers improvement for the lifestyle of individuals in zones, for example, wellbeing, food, comment, and openings inside social orders ; Combining its worldwide capability with Milliner's solid relationship in different societies to give a wide scope of items to fulfill a scope of clients and furthermore assembling solid connections in new markets which will be of criticalness later on development of Milliner. ; â€Å"Achieving noteworthy development goals while decoupling development from ecological and expanding our positive social effect is an intense however testing vision† Milliner 1 CEO Paul Pullman.Milliner's strategic be placed into key focuses: Proving an every day better future for all. ; Helping individual picture with Milliner's brands and administrations ; To be a motivation in making a move to profit the world ; Doubling the size of its business ; Developing its items further to move in the direction of its objective of multiplying the size of its business ; Limiting natural effect through advancement and creating compelling and proficient approaches to contact individuals Primary and Secondary objectives On 1 fifth November 2010 Milliner declared its arrangements of supportability by or before 2020.These objectives include: Acquiring 100% of its agrarian crude materials from reasonable sources. ; Improving cleanliness for one million individuals in Asia, Africa, and Latin America through the use of ‘lifebuoy' cleanser in this way diminishing looseness of the bowels which is an enormous reason for baby mortality. ; Making safe water accessible however their minimal effort water purifier called Purest which is created in India and disseminated to a half billion individuals over the world. ; Improving the day to day environments of individuals in creating nations by teaming up with associations, for example, Oxford.

Idealism In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare - Free Essay Example

In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare uses rhetoric, dramatic irony, and the characters of Cassius and Brutus to reveal with vivid strokes how idealism undermines our capacity to comprehend different outcomes and forces us down a path of societal distress. Idealism limits our capability to think and therefore lowers our potential as human beings. Shakespeare effectively shows this through conversations between Cassius and Brutus. Brutus is the embodiment of idealism because of his patriotism for Rome and his belief in Rome and its people. Cassius on the other hand is cunning and he is able to use this patriotism in that is in Brutus to further his own agenda and specific goals. Men at some time are masters of their fates. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves† This illustrates how simple it was to convince Brutus to kill Caesar. All Cassius needed to do was touch upon Brutus’ ego every so slightly in order to promote thought that showed him a picture of a world where he, Brutus, was ruler and how amazing that world could be for Rome. Cassius also cunningly puts forth the idea that we have control our own fate, if we want something we need to accomplish it ourselves. The fault is not in our stars, su ggests that no one is born to rule, we need to earn that right which Caesar has not and Brutus can easily do. Brutus now could not look past this ideal world that he had created in his head and kept comparing it to the one with Caesar. He was debating whether or not to kill Caesar but not once did he reevaluate his position with Cassius that Caesar was ambitious. His ideal world limited the scope of his thinking a ultimately lead him to the killing of Caesar. â€Å"Like wrath in death and envy afterwards†¦ Let us be sacrificers but not butchers, Caius.† (61,Shakespeare) Butus’ limited thought process is explicitly shown here as well, he is not able to see beyond the point that it would be wrong to kill Marc Antony simply because he was a close friend of Caesar. He saw that in his ideal world Marc Antony would not have to be killed, instead Antony could play an instrumental part in convincing the Roman people that the killing of Caesar was necessary. But in realit y Brutus had been warned multiple times by Cassius that Marc Antony should be killed or at least not allowed to speak. Cassius tries to explain to Brutus that Marc Antony, if allowed to speak to the Roman public, could wreak havoc to an already volatile situation but because of his strong ideals and beliefs Brutus was left unmoved. This vividly illustrates that idealism can seriously hinder our abilities to think forward and significantly decreases our potential as human beings. Idealism is easily manipulated to further one’s own agenda and self centered views. With the objective of convincing a man to turn his back on his friend, Cassius focuses on two specific strategies. First to prompt Brutus’ sense of civic responsibility and to weaken Brutus’ devotion to Caesar. First, Cassius uses devices such as contradiction and dramatic comparisons. He points out Caesars shortcomings and contrasts him to fellow men, showing no difference between Caesar and ordinary men in comparison. This implies that Caesar is just as likely to become corrupted with power, despite him being treated as a god. One example of this is Cassius’ constant comparing Caesar with Brutus. â€Å" â€Å"Brutus† and â€Å"Caesar†Ã¢â‚¬â€what should be in that/ â€Å"Caesar†? Why should that name be sounded more than/ yours?†(23). He forces Brutus to question whether such ordinary and weak men deserve to hold such power, well continually fl attering Brutus. Once Brutus starts to believe that Caesar doesn’t actually have the kind of power that is implied, he starts thinking that Caesar is actually not fit to lead. In reality Cassius is jealous of Caesar’s power and even the close relationship that Brutus and Caesar have. Cassius always wanted to be part of Caesars inner circle and be part of the process as well, this never actually happened though and Cassius sought revenge in the form of breaking the relationship between Brutus and Caesar as well as seize all of Caesar’s power. Cassius is using Brutus to pursue his personal vendetta and Brutus has fallen into his trap. Cassius is aware that knowing the audience is essential to successfully persuading. When Brutus uses the word honor twice in eight lines, emphasizing the weight he places on honor. Cassius quickly takes advantage of this. â€Å"I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus,/ As well as I do know your outward favor./ Well, honor is the su bject of my story.† He also emphasizes other words that Brutus resonates with, such as â€Å"free† and â€Å"Rome† as Brutus is a patriot and is willing to do anything for his country.

Food production employment generation through sustainable surface water management in bangladesh - Free Essay Example

Abstract: Food security and surface water management has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand of food and water. With vision of enhancing food production and employment generation, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) Bangladesh gets involved at local level surface water management in 1962. As an apex public organization, LGED performs overall planning and management of surface water at local level by confirming people participation. With past experience, LGED started participatory Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project (SSWRDSP) in 1995 and built about 580 sub-projects where stakeholders involvement in decision making process has become an integral part of sustainable development in surface water management. The purpose of the paper is to explore the potential contributions of sustainable surface water management in socio-economic development through food production and employment generation at the rural level. It reviews relevant external secondary data sources and internal SSWRDSPs which include sub-project based field data obtained for formulation, implementation, and performance evaluation of SSWRDSPs. Primary sources included extensive field visits, household survey and sub-project beneficiary and Water Management Cooperative Association (WMCA) interviews. Transcripts of field visit, field notes, and relevant literature are analyzed on the basis of themes, patterns and datas of interrelationships among those that addressed the research goal. To ensure true reflection, quantity and quality of data gets highest degree of priority. It is found that well-designed management of surface water resources is vital and essential in ensuring food security and rural employment. 1. Introduction Peoples in the developing countries are in emergency of essentialsfood and water, shelter, energy and health although the scenario is quite opposite in the developed nations where the people are facing the difficulties of affluence (Roome, 2002).To attain the food demands of 2050, food production is needed to increase by 3 times. Historically agricultural production is the most suitable way of food production and only that can provide better diets for the people all over the worlds (Avery, 2002).To meet the controversy on the sustainable way of food production this paper tried to established that the participatory approach in surface water management is the most sustainable way of using surface water to increase agricultural production as well as the food production for the future. Now, sustainable food production as well as food for everyones is a global demand. A rising population of Bangladesh with declining agricultural land has put the countrys future food security at risk, especially when salinity in the coastal belt, and droughts and depleting underground water level in the north have become constant realities (Palma, 2010). According to a projection of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics the countrys population will be 170 million by 2020 (BBS, 2001; Population Council, 2010). Bangladesh currently has 8.44 million hectares of cultivable land, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. With 1 percent decrease of arable land due to building of new houses, industrialization, and urbanization the cultivable land area will come down to a little more than 7.0 million hectares in 2020 (MoA, 2007a). Bangladesh had to import nearly 2.0 million tons of food grains in the last fiscal year on top of around 30 million tons of rice and wheat produced domestically (Palma, 2010). These factors might lead to a decrease in productivity as was projected by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007). Though presently the situation of food security appears quite satisfactory, but the scenario was significantly different in past and also its future may not look the same due to increasing population and climatic changes. In 1971-1972 the area under rice production was 9,278.00 thousand hectare and the production was 9889.20 thousand metric ton (BBS, 2008). Due to different initiatives by the government through different organization such as Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) cultivable areas and production increasing day by day such as in 2005-2006 the rice production areas augmented into 10, 529.09 thousand hectare and the production increased into 24, 569.27 thousand metric ton (MoA, 2007b; BBS, 2008). Past experience can be argued that those achievement due to better surface water management preservation and use of surface water, training of farmers to address the depletion of underground water. Otherwise, it was and will be difficult to ensure food security for the ever increasing population (Palma, 2010). However, it is stated that Bangladesh faces some significant challenges in the next century. A combination of population growth, a reduction of arable land and the increasing living standards, will place pressure on food and water security in the country (Khoo, 2010). Brundtland commission (1987) stated that the sustainable food production is the production which should meet the needs and desire of the people without negotiating with the natural resource for the next generation (Roome, 2002). In this light, Participatory approaches in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) for agriculture can be focused as the most sustainable eco-friendly farming as well as sustainable surface water management and food production system. The soil and Water Conservation Society of America stated that the Agricultural farming through surface water management is the most sustainable food production method as it has a unique capability of keeping the soil fertile without remarkable erosion by integrated management system (Avery, 2002). More steps for sustainable food production can be taken as the food production system does not create any negative impact on the environment (Heap, 2002). Moreover, in the face of rapidly changing national, regional and global ec onomic environment, Bangladesh agriculture is facing the challenge to reinvent itself to withstand competition and at the same time continue to provide food and employment opportunities for the vast majority of the population (MoA, 2006). 1.1 Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) and its Involvement The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), whose origin dates back to the Rural Works Programme (RWP) initiated in the early 1960s, developed rapidly throughout the 1980s and 1990s. RWP was a component of the Comilla Model of rural development pioneered by the famous Aktar Hamid Khan at Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) nationwide this was started in the early 1960s (Rahman, Rahman Rahman, 2007). In 1982 RWP switched to the Works Programme Wing (WPW) under the Local Government Division (LGD) of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development Co-operatives (MoLGRDC) (MoLG, 1982). Subsequently the administrative decentralization act of 1982 converted it into the Local Government Engineering Bureau (LGEB) in 1984 (MoLGRDC, 1984). With the needs for rural infrastructure development in the country and the readiness of LGEB to take on more responsibilities, LGEB was upgraded as the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) in August 1992 (LGD, 1992). It is widely recognised that the role of infrastructure in economic development is significant and often greater than that of investment in other forms of capital (World Bank, 1994). Mujeri (2002) argues that rural infrastructure including irrigation structure play an important role in the socio-economic development of rural areas. Rural works Programme (RWP) and the Thana Irrigation Programme (TIP) and micro-finance have been seen as two interrelated sub-strategies for achieving poverty alleviation (MoLGRD, 1979; MIP, 1998). Comilla Model tried to integrate these two strategies and considered that the breakdown of the interrelationship between the RWP, the TIP and the co-operative would result in undermining of the whole rural development effort through the Comilla experiment (Sen, 1996). With mission and vision of Comilla model of A.H. Khan, LGED got involvement in escalating food production and facilitating food marketing through surface water management by excavating/re-excavating drains and canals, digging new canals, repair and construction of bunds and embankments, reclamation of land for productive purpose, repair and construction of bridges, repair and construction of earthen and pucca roads meant for irrigation and communication in the name of Works Programme and Thana Irrigation Programme (GoEP, 1962). The TIP program gave responsibility to the Union Parishad (UP) members to find out available surface water resources to plan for utmost irrigation coverage by Low Lift Pumps (LLPs). UP members formed project committees under the RWP to re-excavate irrigation canals for better agricultural production (GoEP, 1962). With the same objectives as of TIP, LGED started Canal Digging Programme (CDP) in 1979 initially on voluntary basis and later on with the assistance from Food for Work (FFW) to de-silt sediment filled channels all over the country to boost-up water storage capacity of channels for irrigation. The CDP aimed to increase irrigation water supply, drainage improvement, tree plantation on canal bank and fisheries development. The program implemented 3,276 km of khal re-excavation, 429,597 pond re-excavation projects and 382 hydraulic structures. The benefited area covered under CDP was about 419,500 hectares (IWRMU, 2008). In parallel to CDP, under Rural Employment Sector Programme (RESP) funded by SIDA and NORAD, LGED initiated development of small-scale water resources schemes to increase agricultural as well as food production and rural employment generation in 1986 and the programme was continued up to 1996 (MPIUS, 1998). The project implemented 60 small-scale schemes in six districts (Kurigram, Faridpur, Rajbari, Madaripur, Gopalgonj and Shariatpur). IDP covered about 20,530 hectares of cultivated land benefiting 51,230 farm families (RESP, 2000; IWRMU, 2008b). LGED has performed excellently in implementing the rural infrastructures in collaboration with local users to increase food production and consequent employment generation (Faruqee Choudhury, 1996). With an aim to provide dry season irrigation facilities by using surface water in increasing rice and non-rice crops production especially in the coastal belt LGED first implemented two rubber dams in Coxs Bazar District in 1995 on a pilot basis. Inspired by the success of the pilot projects, the Government considered rubber dams for wide replication and, consequently, construction of more rubber dams was taken up all over the country. LGED has constructed eleven more rubber dams in 1999-2007 (DoAE LGED, 2005) and started to construct 10 more rubber dams in 2009-2014. Participatory irrigation management and OM have been adopted for the rubber dam projects (DoAE LGED, 2009). 2. Objectives To surface the initiatives of the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) in food security and employment generation through surface water management with participatory approach. To present the state of the art of the participatory surface water management process in sustainable socio-economic development by increasing crop as well as food production and thereby employment generation in the rural areas of Bangladesh 3. Methodology A detailed and systematic approach was followed to achieve the objectives of this study using two methods. First a broad review of external secondary data sources associated with the topic that included water and food production, irrigation, gender and development, employment generation, surface water management etc. and internal SSWRDSPs which includes the sub-project based field data obtained for formulation, implementation, and performance evaluation of SSWRDSPs were made. Pre-project data were compiled from sub-project appraisal reports while the monitoring and evaluation data were drawn from the Management Information System (MIS) unit of IWRMU, LGED and various project reports. Field information was fetched through befitting exercise supported by the SSWRDSPs and the IWRMU of LGED collected the post-project data after completion of the projects. Methodology of the study also involved two tier exercises. Firstly, information of the pre-status of the sub-projects areas were drawn from relevant published materials and field records and secondly the post-status of the sub-project areas from data obtained from MIS unit. Primary sources included extensive field visits, household survey and sub-project beneficiary and WMCAs interviews. Field workers of Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) were involved in the surveys and interviews. As the author is a fulltime employee of LGED and posted in the IWRMU as a Senior Assistant Engineer (Operation and Maintenance) and also in-charge MIS unit of IWRMU of LGED, got opportunity to involve in every steps of sub-project implementation cycle. Transcripts of field visit, field notes, and relevant literature were analysed on the basis of themes, patterns and datas of interrelationships among those that addressed the research goal. 4. Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Projects of LGED Taking lessons from the performances of the earlier water resources development projects, LGED facilitates sustainable use of water resources with the participation of local stakeholders along with Local Government Institutions involving public and private sectors, communities and individuals in the implementation of Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project (SSWRDSP) to improve the socio-economic condition that includes food production and employment generation. The Project is implemented in conformity with the National Water Policy (NWP) that stressed integrated water management. The NWP has defined the role of the Local Government Institutions and given the mandate of implementing flood control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects having command areas of 1,000 ha or less to increase the food production and employment generation (MoWR, 1999). The NWP states that water resources management requires involvement of the public and private sectors, communities and indiv iduals that benefit from the delivery of water-related services. Because, the ultimate success and effectiveness of public water resources management projects depends on the peoples acceptance and ownership of each subproject / project (MoWR, 1999). The first project was in the name of Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project (SSWRDSP) (1995-2002). The project aimed at sustainable growth in agricultural production as well as food production and incomes of about 140,000 farm families in western Bangladesh through the establishment of about 300 small-scale water resources development schemes (LGED, 1995). The phase-1 of SSWRDSP finally completed 280 subproject covering 165,000 hectares of cultivates land that benefits 142,000 farm families in 37 districts (IWRMU, 2008c).The main objectives of the Second Small-Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project (SSWRDSP) are to enhance agriculture and fish culture and to take effective steps in poverty alleviation through improving the surface water resources in different regions of the country (Rahman, Rahman Rahman, 2007). With the success and gathered experience from SSWRDSP-1 LGED started the 2nd phase of SSWRDSP covering larger areas in 61 districts of the country in 2003(LGED, 2001). The 2nd phase of the project is completed in 2010 (LGED, 2010a) and implements 300 sub-projects all over the country covering 163,000 hectares of cultivates land that benefits 154,000 farm families. The 3rd phase is started in 2010 in the name of Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project (PSSWRSP) and implementing throughout the country with an aims to develop 300 new sub-projects and for rehabilitation of 160 existing sub-projects (LGED, 2010b). It could be mentioned that another Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Projects funded by JICA also implementing by LGED from 2008 covering 15 districts of greater Mymensingh, Sylhet and Faridpur having a plan to implement 300 sub-projects (LGED, 2010c). In implementing these projects, LGED is very much careful about participatory water management pro cess (MoWR, 2000). It has developed a very innovative framework of participation for addressing local peoples views in development initiative in water sector (LGED, 2009). The local people participate in all stages of the project cycle- identification and feasibility, design and institutional building, construction and first year OM (Operation Maintenance), sustainable O M and their participation is formulized through forming a Water Management Cooperative Association (WMCA) in each sub-project. After completion of the sub-project, the WMCA takes the responsibility of operation and maintenance of the subproject infrastructure (LGED, 2009). Capacity building of WMCAs is another important aspect of the project. Line agencies of the government imparted training to the WMCA members for their capacity building and LGED has signed memorandum of understandings with the agencies concerned (MoWR, 2000). Moreover LGED ensure the stakeholder participation to make the project effective and su stainable development as the interests of the community promotes a convergence among the government, development partners and other stakeholders, is considered as a key strategic step for sustainable investment (FAO, 2010). Monitoring of the completed 580 Sub-projects of the SSWRDSP shows increasing trend in cereal and non-cereal crop as well as food production. The increased crop/food production is due to increased cropping intensity in the subproject area and that intensity generates more employment in respective area. Evaluation of the project has been done by different agencies at different time. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) and WL I delft hydraulics, the Netherlands jointly evaluated the project. In addition Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division (IMED) under Ministry of Planning Bangladesh also evaluated the project and their findings are very much positive. In general, the evaluation agencies concluded that SSWRDSP has shown a very encouraging development in developing Socio-Economic conditions that includes food production and employment generation in the Sub-project area (BUET, BIDS delft hydraulics, 2 003; IMED, 2005). The project follows a participatory approach of implementation where local people play vital role in all stages of the project cycle. 5. Framework of participation The overall participatory process in subproject development adopted by the LGED is a combination of two parallel but interrelated processes: Institutional involving software elements and Technical involving hardware elements Sub-project implementation is participatory and the whole cycle of subproject development process is sub-divided into four distinct stages as presented below (Figure-1) (LGED, 2009). Stage 1: Identification and Feasibility In consultation with local stakeholders, the Union Parishad (Council) kicks off sub-project proposals. The LGED Upazila Engineer submits it to the Upazila Development Coordination Committee for approval. If approved, the proposal is forwarded to the Integrated Water Resources Management Unit (IWRMU) and to the Project Management Office (PMO) through the LGED Executive Engineer at the district level. IWRMU pre-screens the proposal during a multidisciplinary field reconnaissance. This is followed by (i) Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and (ii) Feasibility Study (FS). Each subproject is reviewed and approved by District Level Inter-Agency Project Evaluation Committee (DLIAPEC). Stage 2: Design and Institution Building Following the approval of DLIAPEC, engineering design and establishment of Water Management Association (WMA) are done along with motivational awareness campaign among stakeholders. Process of establishing WMA is initiated under the legal framework of the Cooperative Societies Act (National Parliament of Bangladesh, 2001). Contracted NGO facilitator creates awareness, generates local enthusiasm in the local water resource systems, promote membership enrolment, assist in collection of beneficiary contributions, and conflict resolution. The WMA is registered with the Department of Co-operative (DoC) and becomes WMCA. The IWRMU undertakes engineering design work in consultation with stakeholders and discusses for their approval. This process concludes in the signing of a formal implementation agreement by the WMCA, Union Parishad and LGED Executive Engineer at district level before tendering for the works or contracting Labor Contracting Societies (LCS). To sign the implementation agree ment, the WMCA must have achieved (i) enrolment of at least 70% of beneficiary households; (ii) collection of beneficiary contributions equivalent to an annual OM requirement and deposited in a joint account by LGED and the WMCA; and (iii) approved plans in consultation with people-affected by the environmental mitigation and resettlement (land acquisition) (MoWR, 2000). Stage 3: Construction and First Year OM Civil works are tendered to contractor and earthworks awarded to LCS groups comprised of local landless, disadvantaged destitute males and females. The WMCA supervises construction through a 7-member committee trained on construction monitoring including one man and one woman from the concern Union Parishad (LGED, 2009). The WMCA forms OM sub-committee and prepares schedule, beneficiary list and maps, and plan comprising operating guidelines, and maintenance and resource mobilization plans. The IWRMU provides on-the-job training that helps WMCA to (i) undertake annual inspection, (ii) identify maintenance needs, (iii) prepare and implement annual OM plan, and (iv) collect OM fees. After observation of the infrastructures management performance during the first year of OM, the sub-project is handed over to the WMCA through a formal lease agreement with LGED (ADB LGED, 2009). The WMCA receives support of agricultural extension and fisheries departments to prepare agriculture and fishe ries development plans and to organize training for WMCA representatives who work as liaison extensions to beneficiaries (ADB, 2008). Stage 4: Sustainable Operation and Maintenance This stage starts after sub-project handover and continues throughout its lifetime. Continuous monitoring and support is provided by the IWRMU of LGED and other partner agencies. The WMCA and O M Committee receive regular training so that they are able to carry out O M of the sub-project. The WMCA Prepare O M Plan, Undertakes routine maintenance works and collects O M fees from direct beneficiaries in proportion to their land area benefited by the sub-project. (LGED, 2009) 6. Participation Participation was first advocated in the context of development authorization in the 1950s due to failed development policies which were thought to lack integration of public concerns throughout their planning. Thus, participatory methods were encouraged as fundamental measures of development. In this process marginal groups (poor, women, indigenous and ethnic minorities) should come together with project authorities to share, negotiate and control decision-making processes (Lisk, 1981; WB, 1985). In each subproject of the SSWRDSP of LGED the organization in the name of WMCA is formed. The WMCAs play basic role to functionally represent beneficiaries in all processes of the sub-project cycle. The stakeholders participation is assessed by institutional and OM activities in the sub-project area. Institutional activities: Institutional activities are assessed by WMCAs functions. These include membership, beneficiarys contribution, capital formation and use and holding of meetings in each subproject. These are monitored quarterly through Upazila level Community Organizers (CO) and district level Socio-economist. WMCAs progress on institutional activities and their capability development in 580 subproject areas as monitored in December 2010 are as follows: WMCA membership: The WMCAs provide an excellent means to address the needs of a range of special interests. The membership in 580 WMCAs consists of 183,831 males and 70,723 females from an estimated total of 297,300 households. Average membership covers about three-forth of the total households. Women all over the world play an active role in agriculture, thus contributing to food security (IFAD, 2007). The WMCA members include marginal, small, medium and large farmers; landless; women and fishers. Women comprised one-third of the first management committee of each of the WMCAs and about 25% of the total membership as the National Policy for Womens Advancement, provides a significant commitments of the Government to equality of women and men which are also reflected in the national poverty reduction strategy that emphasizes the importance of womens rights and opportunities for progress in the battle against poverty (GoB, 2009; ADB, 2010). Each WMCA members elect a Management Committee with at least o ne-third women members. The Management Committee is supported by OM, agricultural, fisheries and credit management subcommittees. Regular Management Committee Meeting and Annual General Meeting are conducted by the WMCAs. Beneficiaryscontribution: the beneficiaries contribution construction of infrastructure in 580 sub-projects amounted (US$1,190.141) of which 89% was collected from the farmers beneficiaries of the water resources development. WMCA capital: These WMCAs have established a capital base in all sub-projects through shares and savings by the members. In 580 sub-projects, the capital accomplished well in excess of Tk 129.82 million (US$1,829). The capital is being used in supporting micro-credit, procurement of agricultural inputs, and other small-scale business enterprises operated by the individual WMCA. WMCAs have set up micro-credit programmess and have loaned to 26,900 male and 12,937 female members. The average size of each loan is about Tk 2,500 (US$ 366). Since the capital formation the cumulative investments of the WMCAs is Tk 110.1 million (US$1.55 million). The DoC inspects and audits the accounts of the WMCAs. The WMCA members have increased their income with investment of micro-credit on quality seed production, poultry farming, milking cow, beef fattening, vegetable production, aquaculture, seasonal crop storage, and grocery shops. WMCA capability development: The WMCAs members are given training to increase their capability in institutional management, capital formation, credit management, sustainable agricultural and fisheries production, improved farm practices, environmental management and subproject OM. Relevant departments and institutes support the project in training need assessments, course development, materials preparation and organisation. LGED has signed memorandum of understanding with the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Department of Cooperatives (DoC), Department of Fisheries (DoF) and Department of Livestock Service (DLS) to support the subproject beneficiaries (LGED, 2006). The DoC supports subproject WMCAs in institutional strengthening and financial management. Field level official of DAE, DoF and DLS support the sub-project farmers and fishers in the preparation and implementation of agricultural and fisheries production plans and use of improved technologies. This has created opportunity for the integratio n and complementary of support services provided by the government departments and sustainable water resources uses for food production with the formation of cooperatives in the sub-projects areas. Three approaches are adopted to provide training to the WMCA members that included beneficiary farmers, fishers and women. The first approach is to identify and communicate with existing relevant programmes and to ensure that WMCA members have access to these programmes. The second approach is that where a need for a new programme is identified, the Project develops the material, testes it by conducting a number of programmes, and then transfers the training material to an appropriate institution. As an example, this is the approach used in establishing management training for the WMCA at the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development. A third approach is used especially for new programmes. The Project works with the relevant institution to jointly prepare the curriculum and training materi als. The training is then delivered by that institution and further developed based on feed-back from participants and monitoring systems. This approach is used in the training delivered by the DAE Agricultural Training Institutes. General improvements during the course of the Project attributable to training impact were observed, in the nature of the institutional support provided to the local stakeholders, in the type of agriculture practiced within the Project area, in aquaculture, and in homestead food production patterns. All of these activities are imparted and monitored by IWRMU LGED. Operation and maintenance (OM)activities: The sub-project beneficiaries prepare annual OM plans and budget and mobilise local resources for the OM costs. LGED initiated extensive training programs for the WMCA OM sub-committee members to perform regular OM for the completed sub-project handed-over to them. The OM sub-committee is responsible for the preparation of annual plan and collection and utilization of funds for OM. Annually each WMCA collects OM fund from the farmers at the rate of 3.0% and 1.5% of the total cost for the subproject earthworks and hydraulic structures, respectively (ADB, 2008; ADB LGED, 2009). Table 1: Operation and Maintenance (O M) Budget (Taka-million) Budget 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 Subprojects No. 233 254 260 289 331 297 372 580 Contribution of GOB 2.99 7.39 15.89 20.48 22.25 24.39 30.73 47.5 Voluntary Labor Contribution 0.41 1.12 2.06 2.53 3.32 3.49 4.19 5.94 Total Collection (Taka) 3.4 8.51 17.95 23.01 25.57 27.88 34.92 47.5 % of voluntary contribution 12.1 13.2 11.5 11.0 13.0 12.5 12.0 12.5 Fund Utilization Subprojects No. 166 199 207 267 320 363 344 402 Total Utilization (Taka). 1.46 2.26 3.20 4.12 5.20 5.4 5.5 4.8 Source: Author (2010). All the WMCA initiated fund collection for OM of their sub-projects. In 2009-2010, WMCA OM sub-committee collected fund for OM in 580 sub-projects and utilised fund for the OM in 402 (Table 1). The WMCA OM budget amounted to Tk 12.5million (US$ 176,056) and fund utilization was Tk. 4.8 million (US$67.605). The fund includes voluntary labor contribution. 5. Impact and Evaluation of the Projects Impact It is evident from findings based on secondary data sources, internal SSWRDSPs which includes the sub-project based field data, monitoring and evaluation data, post and pre-project data and on the extensive field visits includes household survey and sub-project beneficiary and WMCAs interviews after completion of the projects it is established that there are some considerable changes in food production and employment generation in the rural areas. All the findings are analyzed and presented as follows: Crop production: When the soaring food price crisis hit, it increased both the occurrence and severity of hunger and poverty and raising the risk of social unrest. The poorest and most vulnerable people in the developing country are most exposed to fluctuations in prices as many of them spend 60 percent or more of their income on food (WFP, 2009). Participatory water resources management in the sub-project area has generated local enthusiasm for each water resources system to increase the food production. Farmers, fishers, landless and women access to information and their influence on the sub-project OM have increased. This has created opportunity to increase food production in the completed subproject areas. A major contributing factor to the food production is the expansion of cropped area (Table 2). Table 2:Pre- and Post-Subproject Cropped Area (hectare) Study No. of Study Cropped Area Year Subprojects Pre-Subproject Post- Increment Subproject (%) 1999 33 30,450 36,167 18.8 2000 59 39,652 49,008 23.6 2001 79 70,043 74,778 6.8 2002 131 . 117,331 135,841 15.8 2003 279 282,637 317,719 12.4 2004 280 283,444 319,481 12.7 2005 285 287,342 327,382 13.9 2006 295 295,469 337,714 14.3 2007 330 328,697 375,047 14.1 2008 390 380,299 433,766 14.1 2009 518 487,636 552,667 13.3 2010 580 500,522 615,386 23.0 Source: Author (2010) Improved water management by the beneficiaries has also resulted in the diversification of crop with the increase in cereal and non-cereal production (Table 3). Increase in cereal production is due mainly to more rice cultivation in the monsoon season. On the other hand, more pulse, oilseed, vegetable and spice cultivation in the dry season increases non-cereal production. Table 3:Pre- and Post-Subproject Crop Production Study No. of Cereal Crop Production (tons) Non-cereal Crop Production (tons) Year Subproject Pre- Post- Increment Pre- Post- Increment Subproject Subproject (%) Subproject Subproject (%) 1999 33 60,440 88,740 46.8 35,700 46,450 30.1 2000 59 95,850 125,610 31.0 35,690 63,930 79.1 2001 79 170,340 225,330 32.3 87,680 148,780 70.7 2002 131 305,760 392,410 28.3 131,220 292,700 123.1 2003 279 683,810 926,620 35.5 364,260 582,390 59.9 2004 280 684,250 917,850 34.1 364,920 524,620 43.8 2005 285 698,676 937,596 34.2 370,890 530,259 43.0 2006 295 727,527 977,088 34.3 382,830 552,816 44.4 2007 330 777,978 1,049,342 34.9 409,359 597,149 45.9 2008 390 912,111 1,242,181 36.2 444,871 655,725 47.4 2009 518 1,213,203 1,653,872 36.3 547,426 798,477 45.9 2010 580 1,367,336 1,759,711 28.7 588,938 867,053 47.2 Source: Author (2010) In Bangladesh, drainage improvement and floodwater control and conservation release the constraints on land use through facilitating cultivation in three crop seasons and increase yield level (Lee, 2000). This enables small farmers diversify cropping patterns to include cash crops and permits double or even triple cropping on the same land. For example, if floodwater level can be reduced in the late monsoon season farmers can transplant monsoon rice and produce mustard immediately after the harvest of rice during the early dry season, followed by winter rice during the late dry season and early pre-monsoon season. Fish production: Sub-project design with proper control of the depth and duration of flooding and floodwater conservation ensures growing condition for crops while allowing fish migrate to and from floodplain spawning and feeding areas to effectively minimise impediments to growth of fish inhabitants in the sub-project areas. This increases fisheries production both in floodplains and permanent water bodies (Table 4). Open water fisheries in floodplains and permanent water bodies are the major sources of fish in rural areas. The floodplains include lowland cropped areas where the seasonal flooding depth is more than 90 cm. The permanent water bodies include perennially flooded depressions and river and drainage channel beds. Fish production decreases in permanent water bodies following the completion of sub-projects. However, it increased later. Table 4: Impact on Fish Production Study No. of Fish Production due to changes in Fish Production due to changes in Year Subproject Floodplain Permanent Water (tons) Bodies (tons) 1999 33 +400 -15 2000 59 +694 -174 2001 79 +783 +171 2002 131 +890 +800 2003 279 +319 +1,310 2004 280 +419 +1,353 2005 285 -280 +182 2006 295 -381 +489 2007 330 -408 +628 2008 390 -392 +1,167 2009 518 -802 +1,837 2010 580 -402 +1,202 Source: Author (2010) Employment generation: Employment generation is a crucial need for Bangladesh and government is taking different programme to generate employment with the objective of providing the short and long-term employment among local level people to enable households to better cope with vulnerability (WB, 2010). The employment opportunity related to SSWRDSP sub-project earthworks is provided to local landless people. The landless person includes poor women for labour contracting societies (LCSs). Implementation of 580 sub-projects under SSWRDSP required construction or rehabilitation of 1284.38 km of embankment and re-excavation or excavation of 2329.7 km of canal. This provided labourers temporary employment opportunities for 15.9 million person-days (Table 5). Moreover, destitute women were engaged for taking care of the trees grown on the slopes of the embankments. Table 5:Labour Employment during Subproject Construction Item Length (km) Total earthwork (million m3) Labour Employment (million person days) Embankment construction/rehabilitation 1284.38 20.30 8.2 Canal re-excavation/excavation 2329.7 18.5 7.4 Total 3,614.08 38.8 15.9 Source: Author (2010). Rural labour use has increased after the construction of water control infrastructures in the completed subprojects areas (Table 6). Expansion of cropped area has significantly contributed to labour demand. ICID (International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage) stated the projection of employment up to 2020 shows that until then agriculture will continue to be the major source of employment by absorbing over 40% of the labour force (ICID, 2000). In Bangladesh, per hectare average labour requirement in crop production is 140 person-days, of which 48% is hired (WB, 1985). Among the three crop seasons, opportunity for labour use is the highest during the monsoon season (ICID, 2000). About 49.0% of the annual labour uses in the country are during this season, as compared to 31.4% during the pre-monsoon season and 19.6% during the dry season in the country. Higher use of modern inputs raises the demand for rural labourers, since crop production is rarely mechanised in the Bangladesh ( Quasem, 2002). The poor landless segments have better employment opportunities in construction and maintenance works of irrigation schemes (ICID, 2006). SSWRDSP provides opportunity for double and triple cropping on the same land in the sub-project areas. These changes are labour intensive, which increases labour demand and even creates year-round demand for labour. Labour requirement also increases in fisheries production and subproject OM activities. Table 6:Labour Employment after Subproject Construction Labour Employment Year (000 person-days) Crop Fish Subproject Production production OM 1999 800.4 22.2 0.6 2000 1,309.8 20.8 1.1 2001 662.9 67.5 1.5 2002 2,591.4 149.4 2.5 2003 8,600.0 175.0 25.6 2004 1,404.2 21.4 22.9 2005 2,418.3 151.5 29.4 2006 1,039.4 139.7 37.1 2007 2,302.5 142.3 38.6 2008 4,064.6 176.5 39.3 2009 4,289.0 215.8 34.2 Source: Author (2010). 6. Evaluation of the Projects The implementation of the subproject changed the lives and living of the beneficiary community. The socio-economic situation has a remarkable positive impact due to increase in agricultural income and creation of employment opportunity at rural level. Due to sustained use of conserved water, the irrigation area coverage has enhanced by about 15 per cent and the crop production is increased by about 50 percent. The increase in agricultural production had a very positive impact on farm incomes and demand for local labors increased by manifold. The average fish production has also augmented significantly. Moreover an efficient, participatory and capable management has been developed by the beneficiaries to maintain and make the project sustainable. During and after completion of the SSWRDSP sub- project several evaluations of the project were done. The external evaluation done jointly by Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh Institute of Development studies (BIDS), WL I delft hydraulics, the Netherlands is one of those, The external evaluation team recommended that the project has developed an innovative approach in food production and employment generation by ensuring sustainable operation and maintenance of small scale water resources development schemes through establishing Water Management Co-operative Association (WMCA) (BUET, BIDS delft hydraulics, 2003). IMED concluded in their evaluation that the projects (SSWRDSP) included flood control; improvement of drainage systems; creation of water reservoir; pisciculture; and positive environmental impact. The project has been able to improve the socio-economic situation of the beneficiaries and reduce poverty through increase in labour employme nt, cropping intensity, increased food production and capital owned and formed by WMCA through shares and savings (IMED, 2005). WMCAs involve and mobilize stakeholders and beneficiaries of the water resources development schemes, and assume responsibilities for operation and maintenance of the water related infrastructure. In addition they facilitate community development activities via micro-credit facilities, thus enhancing the conditions for developing a strongly organized and effective organization of stakeholders and beneficiaries in producing food and generating employment. 7. Conclusion LGED is successfully implementing Small Scale Water Resources Development Project to contribute in food production and employment generation where local stakeholders are involved in all stages of the project development cycle. The local people participation is formalised through formation of Water Resources Management Co-operative Association (WMCA) in each sub-project and their participation is indicated by the functionality of the organisation in terms of their enrollment in the WMCA and capital formation. The project has also ensured increased food production and employment generation in the sub-project areas and local beneficiaries take the responsibility of operation and maintenance of infrastructure which was the prime objective of the project to make the development sustainable. Finally, for longer term growth, well-designed management of surface water resources, introduction of small scale irrigation technologies for irrigation is absolutely essential, and will be particularl y important to ensure food security and employment creation for the community and particularly for the extreme poor and the poor. Acknowledgments From the very start of the study until the writing a large number of people have helped the author and their support has been indispensable in successful completion of this study. First the author authors thank Mr. Md. Wahidur Rahman, Chief Engineer Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) Bangladesh for creating opportunity in doing this study. Author extends his gratitude to Messers Moshiur Rahman Superintending Engineer, LGED, Md. Abdus Sadueqe MIS Specialist LGED who helped and supported in collecting the datas. Moreover, the author pays special and due respect to his late mother, Mrs. Jubeda Khatoon and extends his supreme gratitude to his wife, Yesmin Jahan, and his only son, Eshrak Ahmed, who supported him all through. Finally, the author is thankful to Allah, for the wisdom and strength provided the throughout the study.